Propionibacteruim vector

ABSTRACT

An endogenous plasmid of  Propionibacterium  is described, isolated from  Propionibacteria freudenreichii  LMG 16545 (deposited as CBS 101022), and its sequence provided. This plasmid can be used to transform Propionibacteria to express homologous or heterologous proteins, in the production of recombinant proteins or products of enzymes, for example vitamin B 12 .

This invention relates an erogenous plasmid of Propionibacterium, derived from it and the use of these vectors to express (heterologous) proteins in bacteria, especially Propionibacteria. In particular transformed bacteria can be used either to produce, by fermentation, vitamin B₁₂ or in cheese making.

INTRODUCTION

Propionibacterium Gram-positive bacteria capable of producing various useful compounds in a variety of industrial processes. For example several Propionibacterium species are known to produce vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin) in large scale fermentation processes. Other species are used in dairy applications such as cheese where they contribute, and in many cases even are mainly responsible, for the specific flavour and texture of the cheese. Many Propionibacterium species are considered safe for inclusion, as live organisms, into food and animal feed.

To be able to fully exploit the biotechnological potential of Propionibacterium, efficient and flexible genetic engineering techniques are required. Such techniques rely on the availability of a suitable plasmid to express a protein from a heterologous gene in Propionibacterium.

EP-A0400931 (Nippon Oil) refers to an endogenous plasmid (pTY-1) from Propionibacterium pentosaceum (ATCC 4875) but does not describe its sequence or exemplify how it may be used to express a heterologous gene.

JP 08-56673 refers to the plasmid pTY-1 for producing vitamin B₁₂ but does not provide any evidence that the plasmid remains as a freely replicating extrachromosomal element nor that the plasmid is stable inside the transformed cells.

The invention therefore seeks to provide vectors that are more efficient than those in the prior art, and can remain extrachromosomal and/or are stable. In particular the invention aims to provide an efficient vector for the cloning or expression of Propionibacterium or foreign genomic fragments or genes into a (line 821 ) host strain. This may enable host specific restriction enzymes to be circumvented and thereby avoid the host treating the plasmid as a foreign polynucleotide.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention in a first aspect provides a polynucleotide comprising a sequence capable of hybridising selectively to

(a) SEQ ID NO: 1 or the complement thereof

(b) a sequence from the 3.6 kb plasmid of Propionibacterium freudenrsichii CBS 101022;

(c) a sequence from the 3.6 kb plasmid of Propionibacterium freudenreichii CBS 101023; or

(d) a sequence that encodes a polypeptide of the invention, such as (at least part of) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID No: 3, or the complement thereof.

SEQ ID NO: 1 sets out the DNA sequence of the endogenous plasmid of Propionibacterium LMG 16545 which the inventors have discovered. The first coding sequence runs from nucleotide 273 to nucleotide 1184 and the predicted amino acid sequence of this coding sequence is shown in SEQ ID NO. 2. The second coding sequence runs from nucleotides 1181 to 1493 and the predicted amino acid sequence of this coding sequence is shown in SEQ ID No: 3.

The inventors screened a large collection of Propionibacterium isolates and identified two strains both harboring cryptic plasmids with a size of 3.6 kb. One of the strains is Propionibacterium freudenreichii LMG 16545 which was deposited at Centraalbureau voor Schimmolcultures (CBS), Oosterstraat 1, Postbus 273, NL-3740 AG Baarn Netherlands, in the name of Gist-brocades B. V. of Wateringseweg 1, P.O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands, on 19 Jun. 1998 under the terms of the Budapest Treaty and was given accession number CBS 101022. The other strain is Propionibacterium freudenreichii LMG 16546 which was also deposited by the same depositor 19 Jun. 1998 under the terms of the Budapest Treaty at CBS and was given accession number CBS 101023.

Through full characterization and computer assisted analysis of the nucleotide sequence of LMG 16545 the inventors have been able to identify insertion sites for foreign DNA fragments. These sites have allowed construction of plasmids that are still capable of autonomous replication in Propionibacterium.

Surprisingly it was found that an erythromycin resistance gene from the actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea is efficiently expressed in Propionibacterium and thus can be used as a selection marker for transformed cells.

Also constructed are bifunctional vectors, stably maintainable and selectable in both E. coli and Propionibacterium. This allows the use of E. coli for vector construction, as well as functional expression of homologous or heterologous genes in Propionibacterium. Vector construction using E. coli is comparatively easy and can be done quickly.

The polynucleotide of the invention may be autonomously replicating or extrachromosomal, for example in a bacterium such as a Propionibacterium.

Hence another aspect the invention provides a vector which comprises a polynucleotide of the invention.

The invention also provides a process for the preparation of a polypeptide, the process comprising cultivating a host cell transformed or transfected with a vector of the invention under conditions to provide for expression of the polypeptide.

The invention additionally provides a polypeptide which comprises the sequence set far out in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or a sequence substantially homologous to that sequence, or a fragment of either sequence, or a protein encoded by a polynucleotide of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Polynucleotides

A polynucleotide of the invention may be capable of hybridising selectively with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or a portion of SEQ ID No: 1, or to the sequence complementary to that sequence or portion of the sequence. The polynucleotide of the invention may be capable of hybridising selectively to the sequence of the 3.6 kb plasmid of P. freudenreichii CBS 101022 or CBS 101023, or to a portion of the sequence of either plasmid. Typically, a polynucleotide of the invention is a contiguous sequence of nucleotides which is capable of selectively hybridizing to the sequence of SEQ ID. No: 1 or of either 3.6 kb plasmid, or portion of any of these sequences, or to the complement of these sequences or portion of any of these sequences.

A polynucleotide of the invention and the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, or either of the 3.6 kb plasmids, or a sequence encoding a polypeptide, or a portion of these sequences, can hybridize at a level significantly above background. Background hybridization may occur, for example, because of other polynucleotides present in the preparation. The signal level generated by the interaction between a polynucleotide of the invention and the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or of either 3.6 kb plasmid, or portion of these sequences, is typically at least 10 fold, preferably at least 100 fold, as intense as interactions between other polynucleotides and the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or of either 3.6 kb plasmid, or a sequence encoding the polypeptide, or portion of these sequences. The intensity of interaction may be measured for example, by radiolabelling the probe, e.g. with ³²P. Selective hybridisation is typically achieved using conditions of medium stringency (for example 0.3M sodium chloride and 0.03M sodium citrate at about 50° C.) to high stringency (same conditions but at about 60° C.). Polynucleotides included in the invention can be generally at least 70%, preferably at least 80 or 90%, more preferably at least 95%, and optimally at least 98% homologous (to the sequence (a) to (d)) over a region of at least 20, preferably at least 30, for instance at least 40, 60 or 100 or more contiguous nucleotides.

Any combination of the above mentioned degrees of homology and minimum sizes may be used to define polynucleotides of the invention, with the more stringent combinations (i.e. higher homology over longer lengths) being preferred. Thus for example a polynucleotide which is at least 80% or 90% homologous over 25, preferably over 30 nucleotides forms one embodiment of the invention, as does a polynucleotide which is at least 90 or 95% homologous over 40 nucleotides.

The portions referred to above may be the coding sequences of SEQ ID No: 1 or of either 3.6 kb plasmid. Other preferred portions of SEQ ID No: 1 are the replication origin, promoter or regulatory sequences, or sequences capable of effecting or assisting autonomous replication in a host cell, such as a Propionibacterium.

It has been found that the portion of the plasmid from the restriction site SalI to AlwNI appears to be the region that is required for replication of the plasmid. Other parts of the plasmid have been deleted and yet replication does not appear to have been adversely affected. Therefore in the invention sequence (b) and (c) can be the region delineated by the restriction sites SalI and AlwNI. This is approximately 1.7b in length. Alternatively, sequences (b) or (c) can be replaced by the sequence corresponding to nucleotides 1 to 1,800, such as 100 to 1,700, suitably 150 to 1,500, advantageously 200 to 1,300 and optimally 250 to 1,200 of SEQ. ID. No. 1. The proteins (SEQ. ID. Nos. 2 and 3) encoded by ORF1 and ORF2 respectively, are thought to both help the plasmid replicate. The plasmid replicates by the known rolling circle replication method where the original ds DNA plasmid is cut by either of the proteins which assists production of a copy of the outer strand using the inner strand as a template. The copy of the outer ring is removed and the ends joined. The host then replicates a new inner ring Using the generated outer ring as a template.

The coding sequences of the invention may be modified by nucleotide substitutions, for example from 1, 2 or 3 to 10, 25, 50 or 100 substitutions. The polynucleotides of sequence (a) to (d) may alternatively or additionally be modified by one or more insertions or deletions and/or by an extension at either or both ends. Degenerate substitution may be made and/or substitutions may be made which would result in a conservative amino acid substitution when the modified sequence is translated, for example as discussed later with relation to the polypeptides of the invention.

Polynucleotides of the invention may comprise DNA or RNA. They may also be polynucleotides which include within them synthetic or modified nucleotides. A number of different types of modification to polynucleotides are known in the art. These include methylphosphonate and phosphorothioate backbones, addition of acridine or polylysine chains at the 3′ and/or 5′ ends of the molecule. For the purposes of the present invention, it is to be understood that the polynucleotide described herein may be modified by any method available in the art. Such modifications may be carried out in order to enhance in vivo activity or lifespan.

Polynucleotides of the invention may be used as a primer, e.g. a PCR (polymerase chain reaction) primer, a primer for an alternative amplification reaction, a probe e.g. labelled with a revealing label by conventional means using radioactive or non-radioactive labels, or the polynucleotides may be incorporated or cloned into vectors.

Such primers, probes and other fragments will be at least 15, preferably at least 20, for example at least 25, 30 or 40 nucleotides in length. They will typically be up to 40, 50, 60, 70, 100 or 150 nucleotides in length. Probes and fragments can be longer than 150 nucleotides, for example up to 200, 300, 500, 1,000 or 1,500 nucleotides in length, or even up to a few nucleotides, such as 5 or 10 nucleotides, short of any of the sequence (a) to (d).

Polynucleotides such as a DNA polynucleotide and primers according to the invention may be produced recombinantly, synthetically, or by any means available to those of skill in the art. They may also be cloned by standard techniques. The polynucleotides are typically provided in isolated and/or purified form.

In general, primers will be produced by synthetic means, involving a step wise manufacture of the desired nucleic acid sequence one nucleotide at a time. Techniques for accomplishing this using automated techniques are readily available in the art.

Longer polynucleotides will generally be produced using recombinant means, for example using PCR cloning techniques. This will involve making a pair of primers (e.g. of about 15-30 nucleotides) to the region of SEQ. ID No: 1 or of either 3.6 kb plasmid which it is desired to clone, bringing the primers into contact with DNA obtained from a Propionibacterium, performing a polymerase chain reaction under conditions which bring about amplification of the desired region, isolating the amplified fragment (e.g. by purifying the reaction mixture on an agarose gel) and recovering the amplified DNA. The primers may be designed to contain suitable restriction enzyme recognition sites so that the amplified DNA can be clone into a suitable cloning vector. Such techniques may be used to obtain all or part of SEQ ID No: 1 or either 3.6 kb plasmid.

The techniques mentioned herein are well known in the art¹⁰.

Polynucleotides which are not 100% homologous to SEQ ID No: 1 or either 3.6 kb plasmid but fall within the scope of the invention can be obtained in a number of ways.

Homologous polynucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 1 or of either 3.6 kb plasmid may be obtained for example by probing genomic DNA libraries made from a range of Propionibacteria, such as P. freudenreichii, P. jensenii, P. thoenii, P. acidipropiloici, or other strains of bacteria of the class Actinomycetes, or other gram positive bacteria, or those that are G: C rich. All these organisms are suitable sources of homologous or heterologous genes, promoters, enhancers, or host cells, for use in the invention.

Such homologues and fragments thereof in general will be capable of selectively hybridizing to the coding sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or its complement or of either 3.6 kb plasmid. Such sequences may be obtained by probing genomic DNA libraries of the Propionibacterium with probes comprising all or part of the coding sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 or of either 3.6 kb plasmid under conditions of medium to high stringency (for example 0.03M sodium chloride and 0.3M sodium citrate at from about 50° C. to about 60° C.).

Homologues may also be obtained using degenerate PCR which will use primers designed to target conserved sequences within the homologues. Conserved sequences can be predicted from aligning SEQ ID No: 1 or the sequence of either 3.6 kb plasmid with their homologues. The primers will contain one or more degenerate positions and will be used at stringency conditions lower than those used for cloning sequences with single sequence primers against known sequences.

Alternatively, such polynucleotides may be obtained by site directed mutagenesis of SEQ ID No: 1 or of either 3.6 kb plasmid, or their homologues. This may be useful where for example silent codon changes are required to sequences to optimise codon preferences for a particular host cell in which the polynucleotide sequences are being exposed. Other sequences may be desired in order to introduce restriction enzyme recognition sites or to alter the property or function of the polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides.

Methods of measuring polynucleotide homology are well known in the art. For example the UWGCO package provides the BESTFIT programme which can be used to calculate homology, for example used on its default setting⁷. For amino acid homology with regard to polypeptides of the invention which are discussed later, one can employ BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool¹), which produces alignments of amino acid sequences (and nucleotide sequences if necessary) to determine sequence similarity. BLAST can thus be used to determine exact matches or to identify homologues, and is particularly used for those matches which do not contain gaps. The BLAST technique uses the algorithm based on the High-scoring Segment Pair (HSP).

The invention includes double sided polynucleotides comprising a polynucleotide sequence of the invention and its complement.

Polynucleotides (e.g. probes or primers) of the invention may carry a revealing label. Suitable labels include radioisotopes such as ³²P or ³⁵S, enzyme labels, or other protein labels such as biotin. Detection techniques for these labels are known per se.

The polynucleotides (labelled or unlabelled) may be used in nucleic acid-based tests for detecting or sequencing another polynucleotide of the invention, in a sample.

Polynucleotides of the invention include variants of the sequence of SEQ ID 1 or of either 3.6 kb plasmid which are capable of autonomously replicating or remaining extrachromosomally in a host cell. Such variants may be stable in a bacterium such as a Propionibacterium.

Generally the polynucleotide will comprise the replication origin and/or coding region(s) of SEQ ID No: 1 or of either 3.6 kb plasmid, or homologues of these sequences. A polynucleotide of the invention which is stable in a host cell such as Propionibacterium, or E. coli is one which is not lost from the host within five generations, such as fifteen generations, preferably thirty generations. Generally such a polynucleotide would be inherited by both daughter cells every generation.

The polynucleotide may comprise a promoter or an origin of replication (e.g. upstream of any sequences encoding a replication protein).

The polynucleotide of the invention can be transformed or transfected into a bacterium, such as a Propionibacterium, or E. coli, for example by a suitable method¹¹. It may be present in a bacterium at a copy number of 5 to 500, such as 10 to 100.

The polynucleotide may be capable of autonomous replication in a bacterium other than a Propionibacterium. Such a bacterium may be E. coli or a gram positive or G:C rich bacterium or one of the class Actinomycetes. Such a polynucleotide will generally comprise sequences which enable the polynucleotide to be autonomously replicated in that bacterium. Such sequences can be derived from plasmids which are able to replicate in that bacterium.

A polynucleotide of the invention may be one which has been produced by replication in a Propionibacterium. Alternatively it may have been produced by replication in another bacterium such as E. coli. The polynucleotide may be able to circumvent the host restriction systems of Propionibacterium.

Vectors

A second aspect of the invention relates to a vector comprising a polynucleotide of the first aspect. The vector may be capable of replication in a host cell, such as a bacterium, for examples Actinomycetes, e.g. Propionibacterium or, E. coli. The vector may be a linear polynucleotide or, more usually, a circular polynucleotide. The vector may be a hybrid of the polynucleotide of the invention and another vector. The other vector may be an E. coli vector, such as pBR322, or a vector of the pUC family, R1, ColD or RSF1010 or a vector derived therefrom.

The polynucleotide or vector of the invention may be a plasmid. Such a plasmid may have a restriction map the same as or substantially similar to the restriction maps shown in FIG. 1, 2 a or 2 b.

The polynucleotide or vector may have a size of 1 kb to 20 kb, such as from 2 to 10 kb, optimally from 3 to 7 kb.

The polynucleotide or vector may comprise multiple functional cloning sites. Such cloning sites generally comprise the recognition sequence of restriction enzymes. The polynucleotide or vector may comprise the sequence shown in SEQ ID No: 1 and/or contains restriction enzyme recognition sites for EcoRI, SacI, AlwNI, BsmI, BsaBI, BclI, ApaI, HindIII. SalI, HpaI, PstI, SphI, BamHI, A651, EcoRV and BglII. The polynucleotide or vectors may thus comprise one, more than one or all of these restriction enzyme sites, generally in the order shown in the Figures.

Preferably, when present in a bacterium such as a Propionibacterium or E. coli, the polynucleotide or vector of the invention does not integrate into the chromosome of the bacterium. Generally the polynucleotide or vector does not integrate within 5 generations, preferably 20 or 30 grunions.

The polynucleotide or vector may be an autonomously replicating plasmid that can remain extrachromosomal inside a host cell, which plasmid is derived from an (to the host) is capable of expressing that gene inside the host cell. The term “derived from” means that the autonomously replicating plasmid includes a sequence the same as the polynucleotide of the invention.

The vector of the invention may comprise a selectable marker. The selectable marker may be one which confers antibiotic resistance, such as ampicillin kanamycin or teracylin resistance genes. The selectable marker may be an erythromycin resistance gene. The erythromycin resistance gene may be from Actinomycetes such as Saccharopolyspora erythraea, for example from Saccharopolyspora erythraea NRKL2338. Other selectable markers which may be present in the vector include genes conferring resistance to chloraphenicol, thiostreptomycin, viomycin, ncomycin apramycin, hygromycin, bicomycin or streptomycin.

The vector may be an expression vector, and so may comprise a heterologous gene (which does not generally occur in the host cell, e.g. Propionibacteria), or an endogenous or homologous gene of the host e.g. Propionibacteria. In the expression vector the gene to be expressed is usually operably linked to a control sequence which is capable of providing for the expression of the gene in a host cell.

The term “operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. A controlled sequence “operably linked” to a coding sequence is ligated in such a way that expression of the coding sequence is achieved under conditions compatible with the control sequences.

The heterologous or endogenous gene may be inserted between nucleotides 1 and 200 or between nucleotides 1500 to 3555 of SEQ ID No:1 or at an equivalent position in a homologous polynucleotide.

Such genes may comprise homologous or endogenous genes such as for elongation factors, promoters regulatory sequences or elements, and replication proteins. Other genes (which may be heterologous to the host) include those encoding for or assisting in the production of nutritional factors immmomodulators, hormones, proteins and enzymes (e.g. protease, amylases, peptidases, lipases), texturing agents, flavouring substances (e.g. diactyl, actonc), gene clusters antimicrobial agents (e.g. nisin), substances for use in foodstuffs (e.g. in sausages, cheese) metabolic enzymes, vitamins (e.g. B₁₂), uroporphyrinogen (III) methyltransferase (UP III MT), cobA, antigens and (e.g. for vaccines) therapeutic agents. As will be seen the hosts can produce a wide variety of substance not just polypeptides, which may be either the desired product or may be used to produce the desired product.

The heterologous gene may have a therapeutic effect on a human or animal. Such a gene may comprise an antigen for example from a pathogenic organism. The host, such as Propionibacterium, comprising a polynucleotide with such a heterologous gene may be used as or in a vaccine, and may provide protection against the pathogens.

The heterologous antigen may be a complete protein or a part of a protein containing an epitope. The antigen may be from a bacterium, a virus, a yeast or a fungus.

Host Cells and Expression

The host cell forms the third aspect of the invention and comprise a polynucleotide or vector of the first or second aspect. The host cell may be a bacterium e.g. of the class Actinomrycetes. The bacterium may be a Propionibacterium or E. coli. The Propionibacterium may be P. freudenreichii, P. jensenii, P. thoenii or P. acidipropionici.

In a fourth aspect the invention provides a process for producing a host cell of the third aspect, the process comprising transforming or transfecting a host cell with a polynucleotide or vector of the first or second aspect, e.g. with known formation techniques¹¹.

In a fifth aspect the invention provides a process for the preparation of a polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide or vector of invention present in host cell of the invention comprising placing or culturing the host cell in conditions where expression of the polypeptide occur.

This aspect of the invention thus provides a process for the preparation of a polypeptide encoded by a given gene, which process comprises cultivating a host cell transformed or transfected with an expression vector comprising the gene, under conditions to provide for an expression of the said polypeptide, and optionally recovering the expressed polypeptide. The host cell may be of the class Actinomycetes, or a gram positive bacteria such as Propionibacterium or E. coli.

Promoters, translation initiators, translation terminators, elongation factor genes, ribosomal. RNA, antibiotic resistance genes, synthetic promoters (e.g. designed on consensus sequences) to other expression regulation signals present in the polynucleotide or vector can be those which are compatible with expression in the host cell. Such promoters include the promoters of the endogenous gene: of the host coll.

Culturing conditions may be aerobic or anaerobic conditions depending an the host. For a fermentation process the host cell would be placed in anaerobic, and then possibly aerobic conditions. The compound produced, such as an exposed polypeptide, may then be recovered, e.g. from the host cell or fermentation medium. The expressed polypeptide may be secreted from the host cell. Alternatively the polypeptide may not be secreted from the host cell. In such a case the polypeptide may be expressed on the source of the host cell. This may be desirable, for example, if the polypeptide comprises an antigen to which an immune response is desired in human or animal

A homologous gene that may be present in the vector of the invention may be cobA. A host cell vector may therefore be capable of producing a compound such as vitamin B₁₂, from a substrate or the compound may be the product of an enzyme. The invention specifically provides a process for the preparation of vitamin B₁₂ comprising cultivating or fermenting such a host cell under conditions in which the UP(III) MT gene is expressed. The expressed enzyme can be contacted with a suitable substrate under conditions in which the substrate is converted to vitamin B₁₂. This may result in increased production of vitamin B₁₂.

Therapeutics

As described above the polynucleotide of the invention may comprise a heterologous gene which is a therapeutic gene. Thus the invention includes a host cell comprising a vector of the invention which comprises a therapeutic gene for use is a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy. Such a host cell may be Propionibacterium. The host cell may be alive or dead,

The host cell can be formulated for clinical administration by mixing them with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent. For example they can be formulated for topical, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral or transdermal administration. The host call may be mixed with any vehicle which is pharmaceutically acceptable and appropriate for the desired route of administration. The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent for injection may be, for example, a sterile or isotonic solution such as Water for injection or physiological saline.

The dose of the host cells may be adjusted according to various parameters, especially according to the type of the host cells used, the age, weight and condition of the patient to be treated; the mode of administration used; the condition to be treated; and the required clinical regimen. As a guide, the number of host cells administered, for example by oral administration, is from 10⁷ to 10¹¹ host cells per dose for a 70 kg adult human.

The routes of administration and dosages described are intended only as a guide since a skilled practitioner will be able to determine readily the optimum route of administration and dosage of any particular patient and condition.

Polypeptides

A six aspect of the invention provides a polypeptide of the invention comprising one of the amino acid sequences setout in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or a substantially homologous sequence or of a fragment of either of these sequences, the polypeptide may be one encoded by a polynucleotide of the first aspect. In general, the naturally occurring amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 are preferred. However, the polypeptides of the invention include homologues of the natural sequences, and fragments of the natural sequences and their homologues, which have the activity of the naturally occurring polypeptide. One such activity may be to effect the replication of the polynucleotide of the invention. In particular, a polypeptide of the invention may comprise:

(a) the protein of SEQ ID No: 2 or 3; or

(b) a homologue thereof from Actinomycetes, such as Propionibacterium freudenreichii or other Propionibacterium strains or

(c) a protein at least 70% homologous to (a) or (b).

A homologue may occur naturally in a Propionibacterium and may function in a substantially similar manner to a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3. Such a homologue may occur in Actinomycetes or gram positive bacteria.

A protein at least 70% homologous to the protein of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3 or a homologue thereof will be preferably at least go or 90% and more preferably at least 95%, 97% or 99% homologous thereto over a region of at least 20, preferably at least 30, for instance at least 40, 60 or 100 or more contiguous amino acids. Methods of measuring protein homology are well known in the art and it will be understood by those of skill in the art that in the present context homology is calculated on the basis of amino acid identity (sometimes referred to as “hard homology”).

The sequences of the proteins of SEQ ID NO: 2 and 3 and of homologues can thus be modified to provide other polypeptides within the invention.

Amino acid substitutions may be made, for example from 1, 2 or 3 to 10, 20 or 30 substitutions. The modified polypeptide generally retains its natural activity. Conservative substitutions may be made, for example according to the following Table. Amino acids in the same block in the second column and preferably in the same line in the third column may be substituted for each other.

ALIPHATIC Non-polar G A P I L V Polar - uncharged C S T M NQ Polar - charged D E K R AROMATIC H F W Y

Polypeptides of the invention also include fragments of the above-mentioned full length polypeptides and variants thereof, including fragments of the sequences set out in SEQ ID NO: 2 or 3. Such fragments can retain the natural activity of the full-length polypeptide.

Suitable fragments will be at about 5, e.g. 10, 12, 15 or 20 amino acids in size. Polypeptide fragments of SEQ ID No: 2 and 3 and homologues thereof may contain one or more (e.g. 2, 3, 5, or 10) substitutions, deletions or insertions, including conserved substitutions.

Polypeptides of the invention may be in a substantially isolated form. A polypeptide of the invention may also be in a substantially purified form, in which case it will generally comprise the polypeptide in a preparation in which more than 90%, e.g. 95% 98% or 99% of the polypeptide in the preparation is a polypeptide of the invention.

A polypeptide of the invention may be labelled with a revealing label. The revealing label may be any suitable label which allows the polypeptide to be detected. Suitable labels include radioisotopes, e.g. ¹²⁵I, ³⁵S, enzymes, antibodies, polynucleotides and linkers such as biotin.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

As will be apparent from the discussion, the host cells of the third aspect can be used to produce not only the recombinant proteins, but also other compounds of interest, including non-proteins such as inorganic chemicals, in particular vitamins. A seventh aspect of the present invention therefore relates to a process for the production of a compound, the process comprising culturing or fermenting host cells of the third aspect under condition whereby the desired compound is produced. Although this compound may be a polypeptide, for example a polypeptide of the sixth aspect, it may also be one of the compounds mentioned in the previous discussion concerning genes to be expressed. Clearly inorganic compounds will not be expressed by a gene, but they may be produced by an enzyme or the polypeptide or enzyme may assist the host cell in the production of the desired compound. These compounds may be produced inside the cell, and later isolated, for example following lysis of the host call or they may pass through the wall of the host cell into a surrounding medium, which may be a fermentation medium for example an aqueous solution. In this way the host cells can be cultured in an aqueous medium that comprises cells and nutrients for the cells, for example assimiable sources of carbon and/or nitrogen.

The polypeptides so produced may have therapeutic uses. They may be drugs or other pharmacologically active compounds, or may be antigenic or immunogenic, in which case they may find use in vaccines.

The invention additionally encompasses compounds produced by this process, whether or not it is a recombinant polypeptide. Compounds specifically contemplated are vitamins, such as vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin).

In some cases the compound need not be isolated either from the fermentation medium or from the host cells. The host cells may themselves be used in particular applications, for example in, or in the manufacturing of, foodstuffs such as sausages, or in cheese makings or the host cells may for example be included in an animal feed such as when the host cells contain compound to be ingested by the animal in question. The invention therefor extends to the use of these compounds or the host cells in the production of foodstuffs such as cheeses and sausages. The invention also contemplates foodstuffs or animal feed comprising host cell or a compound produced by the invention.

In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention the host cells can be used in a cheese making process, and so the invention additionally includes a process for manufacturing cheeses where the microorganism employed are host cells of the invention. The host cells may be used instead of or in addition to, other bacteria, such as lactic acid bacteria. Propionic acid bacteria are currently used in cheese making processes, for example with mesophilic cultures type of cheese) as well as thermophilic cultures (Emmental). Both mesophilic and thermophilic organisms can be responsible for the acidification of the milk or cheese. In this way the host cells of the invention can be not only used for cheese but also for the production of other family dairy products (e.g. yoghurts). Propionic acid bacterium are employed in cheese making because of their ability to convert lactate and carbohydrates to propionic acid, acetic acid and carbon dioxide. The host cells of the invention, especially if they are propionibacteria, can be employed because they can be less sensitive to nitrates and salt, which may allow the reduction or omission of bactofugation of the milk (usually employed to reduce the levels of Clostridia).

The fermentation of the host cells may have one or two phases or stages. These may be for example a growth and/or production phase, or anaerobic and/or aerobic phase. Preferably, there will be a growth and/or anaerobic phase, and suitable also (e.g. afterwards) a production and/or aerobic phase.

Both the carbon and/or nitrogen sources may be complex sources or individual compounds. For carbon, it is preferred that this is glucose. For nitrogen, appropriate sources include yeast extract or ammonia or ammonium ions.

Preferred features and characteristics of one aspect of the invention are suitable for another aspect mutatis mutandis.

FIGURES

The invention is illustrated by the accompanying drawings in which

FIG. 1 is a restriction map of a vector within the invention, p545 obtained from P. freudenreichii LMG16545 (CBS 101022); and

FIGS. 2a and 2 b each contain two maps of two vectors, all four vectors being within the invention.

The invention will now be described, by way of example, by reference to the following Examples, which are not to be construed as being limiting.

EXAMPLE 1

Screening of Propionibacterium Strains

A collection of 75 nonpathogenic strains of Propionibacterium was screened for the presence of indigenous plasmids. The majority of strains were obtained from the BCCM/LMG culture collection (Ghet, Belgium), although some were obtained from ATCC (Rockville, Md., USA) or from DSM (Braunschweig, Germany). Screening was performed using a small scale plasmid isolation procedure. First bacteria were cultivated anaerobically in MRS medium⁴ for 48 hrs at 30° C.

Plasmids were then purified from the bacteria using a plasmid DNA isolation procedure originally developed for E. coli ⁴ with some modifications: cells from a 5 ml culture were washed in a 25% sucrose, 50 mM Tris.HCl pH8 solution, resuspended in 250 μl, TENS (25% sucrose+50 mM NaCl+50 mM Tris.HCl+5 mM EDTA pH8), containing 10 mg/ml lysozyme (Boehringer Mannheim), and incubated at 37° C. for 20-30 minutes. The bacterial cells were then lysed in 500 μl of 0.2 N NaOH/1% SDS (2-5 minute incubation on ice). After addition of 400 μl 3M NaAc pH4.9 (5 minutes on ice) and a subsequent extraction with phenol/chloroform, the DNA was precipitated by addition of isopropanol.

The DNA was analysed by electrophoresis on 1% agaose gels, and visualised by ethidium bromide. Whereas most strains were negative, i.e. did not reveal the presence of indigenous plasmids in this analysis, the majority of strains that proved positive contained large (≦20 kb) plasmids. Smaller plasmids were observed in 6 strains. Of these P. jensenii LMG16453 P. acidipropionici ATCC4875. P. acidipropianici LM0 16447 and a nonspecified Propionibacterium strain (LMG16550) contained a plasmid in size range of 6-10 kb. Two (P. freudenreichii LMG16545 and P. freudenreichii LMG16546) showed an identical plasmid profile of 2 plasmid. One plasmid was large (size not determined) and the other was smaller, more abundantly present and had a size of 3.6 kb. These 3.6 kb plasmids from LMG16545 and LMG16546 were chosen for further analysis.

EXAMPLE 2

Analysis of an Indigenous Plasmid from Strains LMG 16545 and LMG16546

The 3.6 kb plasmids were isolated from both and further purified by CsCl-ethidium bromide density gradient ultracentrifugation¹¹. Limited restriction maps were made of both preparations and these turned out to be identical.¹¹ The restriction map of the 3.6 kb plasmid is shown in FIG. 1. Restriction enzymes and T4 ligase were obtained from New England Biolabs or GIBCO BRL.

The 3.6 kb plasmid from strain LMG16545 (from here on referred to as p545) was radioactively labelled and used in Southern blot hybridization experiments. Hybridisation conditions were 0.2×SSC, 65° C. It reacted equally well with both LMG16545 and LMG16546 plasmid DNA extracts, supporting the close relationship of these strains whereas a plasmid DNA extmct from P. acidipropionici ATCC4875, that harbors a 6.6 kb plasmid called pTY1 or pRG01⁸ failed to react.

The DNA sequence of plasmid p545 was determined with fluorescent dye labelled dideoxyribonucleotides in an Applied Biosystems 373A automatic sequencer and is included as SEQ ID No: 1 in the sequence listing. Sequence analysis was performed on plasmid DNA that had been linearized with EcoRI and inserted into EcoRI digested pBluescript SKII+DNA (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA). Computer assisted analysis of the sequence thus obtained using BLAST search¹ revealed homologies to protens involved in replication of plasmids from several GC-rich organisms (eg., pAL5000 encoded repA and repB from Mycobacterium fortuitum ^(8,14) show 28-30% identity and 34-38% similarity with the respective putative replication proteins from plasmid p545; pXZ10142 from Corynebacterium glutamicum [PIR Accession Number S32701] in another example of plasmids encoding replication proteins homologous to the p545 putative replication proteins). The results of the database comparisons with homologous sequences are detail in Examples 7 and 8.

EXAMPLE 3

Construction of E. coli/Propionibacterium Shuttle Vectors

E. coli plasmid pBR322 was dicsed with EcoRI and AvaI and the smaller fragment thus generated (measuring 1.4 kb and encompassing the tetracyclin resistance conferring gene) was replaced by a synthetic duplex DNA. The synthetic duplex DNA was designed so as to link EcoRI and AvaI ends and to supply a number of unique restriction enzyme sites:

5′-AATTCAAGCTTGTCGACGTTAACCTGCAGGCATGCGGATCCGGTACCGAT ATCAGATCT-3′ (SEQ. ID. NO. 4)

3′GTTCGAACAGCTGCAATTGGACGGTCCGTACGCCTAGGCCATGGCTATAGT CTAGAAGCC-5′ (SEQ. ID. NO. 5)

The following restriction enzyme recognition sites were supplied in this way. EcoRI (restored) HindIII, SalI, HpaI PstI SphI, BamHI, Acc65, EcoRV, BglII (AvaI is not restored).

This synthetic DNA was ligated to the large fragment and the ligation transferred back to E. coli (T4 ligase was used). A plasmid of the expected composition was obtained (pBR322ΔI). The multiple cloning site can be used to introduce a selection marker as well as plasmid p545 DNA. conferring resistance to erythomycin was performed as will now be described.

A 1.7 kb Acc65I fragment from the Saccharapolyspora erythraea NRRL2338 erythromycin biosynthesis cluster and containing the erythromyin resistance conferring gene^(15,2) was inserted into Acc65I linearized pBR322ΔI. Then the newly derived construct, named pBRES, was linearized with EcoRV and ligated to p545 DNA the had been digested with BsaBI. E. coli transformants were found to harbor a vector with the correct insert in both orientations. The resulting plasmid vectors were named pBRESP36B1 and pBRESP36 FIGS. 2a and 2 b).

Plasmid vector constructs were also obtained with p545 DNA linearized in an other restriction site situated outside the putative replication region, namely AlwNI. For this construction the pBRES vector had to be provided with a suitable cloning site. An adaptor was designed consisting of two complementary oligonucleotides of the following composition (SEQ. ID. Nos 6 and 7):

5′ GTACCGGCCGCTGCGGCCAAGCTT 3′

5′ GATCAAGCTTGGCCGCAGCGGCCG 3′

Annealing of these oligo's created a double strand DNA fragment with Acc65I and BglII cohesive ends respectively, which moreover contain an internal SfiI restriction site, that provides ends compatible to the AlwNI digested p545 plasmid. This adaptor was cloned in pBRES between the Bgn and the proximal Acc65I site. The pBRE-Sfi vector thus obtained subsequently digested by SfiI and ligated to AlwNI digested p545. Transformation of E. coli yielded tranformants with the correct vector as confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis. The vector obtained was named pBRESP36A (FIG. 2).

EXAMPLE 4

Transformation of Propionibacterium with E. coli/Propionibacterium Shuttle Vectors

Transformation of Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain ATCC6207 with pBRESP36B1 will be described.

The bacterial cells are cultivated in SLB (sodium lactate broth¹⁷ at 30° C. to a stationary growth phase, and subsequently diluted 1:50 in fresh SLB. After incubation at 30° C. for around 20 hours cells (now in the exponential growth phase) were harvested and washed extensively in cold 0.5M sucrose. Subsequently cells were washed once in the electroporation buffer, consisting of 0.5M sucrose, buffered by 1 mM potassiumacetate pH5.5, and finally resuspended in this electroporation buffer in about 1/100 of the original culture volume. Cells were kept on ice during the whole procedure.

For the electroporation (apparatus from BIORAD), 80-100 μl of cell suspension was mixed with ±1 μg of DNA (or smaller amounts), in a cooled 1 or 2 mm electroporation cuvette, and an electric pulse delivered. Optimal pulse conditions were found to be 25 kV/cm a 200 Ω resistance and 25 μF capacitance. However, lower and higher voltages (also at 100 Ω) also yield transformants.

Immediately after the pulse, 900 μl cold SLB containing 0.5 M sucrose was added to the pulsed cell suspension and these are subsequently incubated for 2.5 to 3 hours at 30° C. before platin appropriate dilutions on SLB/agar plates containing 0.5 M sucrose and 10 μg/ml erthomycin. After a 5 to 7 day incubation period at 30° C. under anaerobic conditions, transformants were detected.

DNA isolated from E. coli DH5α (Promega) yielded a transformation efficiency of 20-30 transformants per μg DNA. A 10-100 fold higher efficiency is achieved when DNA is isolated from E. coli JMI10 (dam⁻, dcm⁻strain). E. coli transformation was done according to BIORAD instructions.

Transformants contained the authentic vectors, indistinguishable from the original plasmid DNA used for transformation of ATCC6207. This was shown by restriction enzyme analysis of plasmid DNA isolated from the transformants by the small scale plasmid DNA isolation procedure referred to before.

Vectors were exclusively present as autonomously replicating plasmids. Southern blot hybridization¹³ with total DNA isolates showed that chromosomal DNA did not hybridise to the vector DNA used as a probe, indicating that no chromosomal integration of plasmid DNA occurred.

Transformation was also successful with vectors pBRESP36B2 and pBRESP36A, indicating that functionality of the vector was independent of the orientation of p545 or the cloning site used. Also in this case the authenticity of the vector was confirmed.

Moreover, transformation of P. freudenreichii strain ATCC6207 with DNA isolated from Propionibacterium transformant resulted in a 10⁵-10⁶ fold increased transformation efficiency as compared to that obtained with DNA isolated from E. coli DH5α.

Transformation of another P. freudenreichii, LMG16545 (the same stain from which the p545 plasmid was obtained), resulted in a transformation efficiency comparable to that of the ATCC strain.

The results of the transformations, and the effect on vitamin B₁₂ production, is shown in the following Table.

Eight out of 10 transformants gave up to a 50% higher vitamin B₁₂ content than the control strain.

Strain Transformed Vitamin B₁₂ ID plasmid (mg/g dry matter) COB1 pBRES36COB 0.57 COB2 pBRES36COB 0.67 COB3 pBRES36COB 0.83 COB4 pBRES36COB 0.68 COB5 pBRES36COB 0.69 COB6 pBRES36COB 0.61 COB7 pBRES36COB 0.53 COB8 pBRES36COB 0.64 COB9 pBRES36COB 0.50 COB10 pBRES36COB 0.74 recATCC6207 pBRESP36B2 0.54

EXAMPLE 5

Construction of Plasmid Vector Containing cobA Gene

The construction and application of a plasmid vector to increase the level of vitamin B12, (cobalamin) synthesis in P. freudenreichii strain ATCC6207 will be described.

The promote region of the gene conferring erythromycin resistance in Saccharopolyspora erythraea ^(2,3) was generated by PCR using the following primers (SEQ. ID. Nos 8 and 9):

forward primer (5′-3′)

AAACTGCAGCTGCTGGCTTCGCCCCGATGCTAGTC

reverse primer: (5′-3′)

AAACTGCAGCAGCTGGGCAGGCCGCTGGACGGCCTGCCCTCGAGCTCGTCTAGAATGTGCTGCCGATCCTGGTTGC

The PCR fragment thus generated contained an AlwNI site at the 5′ end followed by the authentic promoter region and first 19 amino acids of the coding region of the erythromycin resistance gene, to ensure proper transcription and translation initiation. At the 3′ end XbaI and XhoI sites were provided (for insertion of the cobA gene in a later stage), a terminator sequence as present downstream from the erythromycin resistant gene, and an AlwNI site.

The PCR product was digested by AlwNI and ligated to pBRESP36B2, partially digested with AlwNI. Of the two AlwNI sites present in pBRESP36B2, only the one present in the p545 specific part of the vector will accommodate the E. coli transformants were obtained harboring the expected construct, named pBRES36pEt. This vector was used for further constructions as described below.

The coding sequence of cobA, the gene encoding uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferase was generated by PCR from Propionibacterium freudenreichii strain ATCC6207, using the following primers (SEQ. ID. Nos 10 and 11):

forward: (5′-3)

CTAGTCTAGACCACCGATGAGGAAACCCGATGA

reverse: (5′-3)

CCCAAGCTTCTCGAGTCAGTGGTCGCTGGGCGCGCG

The cobA gene thus amplified carried XbaI site at the N terminal coding region, and HindIII and XhoI sites at the C terminal coding region.

The functionality of this cobA gene was confirmed by cloning the PCR product as an XbaI-HindIII fragment pUC18, and subsequent transformation of E. coli strain JM109. Transformants with a functional cobA gene show a bright red fluorescence when illuminated with UV light. Plasmid DNA isolated from such a transformant was digested with XbaI and XhoI, ligated to likewise digested pBRESP36B₂. DNA and used for transformation of E. coli. DNA from several transformants was analaysed by restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis Transformants were found to bear the correct insert in the expression vector. This new vector was named pBRES36COB. This vector was subsequently transferred to P. freudenreichii ATCC6207 following the protocol described before. Ten of the transformants obtained were analysed and were found to harbor the pBRES36COB vector, which was again indistinguishable from the original vector used for transformation, as shown by analysis of the restriction enzyme digests. In these ten transformants the level of vitamin B₁₂ synthesis was determined as follows.

Frozen cultures of Propionibacterium transformants 1 through 10, as well as a control strain containing only the vector plasmid pBRESP36B₂, were inoculated in 100 ml flasks containing 50 ml of BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) medium (Difco) and incubated for 72 hrs at 28° C. without shaking. From this preculture 4 ml we transferred to 200 ml of production medium consisting of Difco yeast extract 15 g/l, a Nalactate 30 g/l. KH₂PO₄ 0.5 g/l, MnSO₄ 0.01 g/l, and CoCl₂ 0.005 g/l in a 500 ml shake flask and incubated at 28° C. for 56 hrs without shaking, followed by 43 brs in a New Brunswick rotary shaker at 200 rpm.

Vitamin B₁₂ titres were measured using a known HPLC method⁵. Nine out of 10 transformants showed an approx. 25% higher vitamin B¹² production than the control strain.

EXAMPLE 6

Stability of the Plasmids

All three shuttle vectors pBRESP36A, pBRESP36B1, and pBRESP36B2 were stably maintained over 30 generations of culturing of the respective transformants: no loss of erythromycin resistance was observed as determined by viability counts on selective (erythromycin containing) and non-selective agar plates. The structural stability of the plasmid in transformant population after 30 generations was established by plamid DNA isolation and characterisation by restriction enzyme mapping as described above: only restriction fragments similar to those of the authentic plasmid were observed.

EXAMPLE 7

Database Sequence Homology Analysis for Predicted Polypeptide Encoded by the First Open Reading Frame (SEQ ID. No 2) MDSFETLFPESWLPRKPLASAEKSGAYRHVTRQRALELPYIEANPLVMQSLV ITDRDASDADWAADLAGLPSPSYVSMNRVTTTGHIVYALKNPVCLTDAARR RPINLLARVEQGLCDVLGGDASYGHRITKNPLSTAHATLWGPADALYELRA LAHTLDEIHALPEAGNPRRNVTRSTVGRNVTLFDTTRMWAYRAVRHSWGG PVAEWEHTVFEHIHLLNETTIAD

The above 227 amino acid sequence (ORF1) was aligned and compared with several other protein sequences (target NBRF-PIR, release PIR R52.0 March 1997, cut-off 45, KTUP:2).

With a protein from Mycobacterium fortuitum plasmid pAL 5,000 (JS0052) a match of 37.1% was found over 194 amino acids (INIT-167.292) With a protein from Corynebacterium glutamicum (S32701) a match 32.0% over 125 amino acids was found (INIT 125, 116). A match of 29.9% over 221 amino acids 86, 259) was found with the ColE2 protein from E. coli (SO4455) Precisely the same match over the same number of amino acids was found for the ColE3 protein, also from E. coli (SO4456).

EXAMPLE 8

Database Sequence Homology Analysis for Predicted Polypeptide Encoded by the Second Reading Frame (SEQ ID. No. 3)

MTTRERLPRN GYSIAAAAKK LGVSESTVKR WTSEPREEFV ARVAARHARI RELRSEGQSM RALAAEVGVS VGTVHYALNK NRTDA

The second protein (ORF2) was also aligned and compared with another protein, using the sane parameters and software as described for Example 7. This sequence however is only 85 amino acids in length

The ORF2 sequence was compared with a protein from Mycobacteium fortuitum (S32702) and a 53.3 match over 75 amino acids was found (INIT 207, 207).

EXAMPLE 9

Functional Analysis of Plasmid p545

In order to improve the vector system further, the plasmid fictions essential for replication and stability were delineated more precisely through deletion of large regions of the original plasmid p545. The result, a smaller cloning vector, will allow the use of the p545 based vector system for cloning larger DNA fragments.

To this end vector pBRESP36A (FIG. 2) was digested with SsiII and BclI, resulting in a 1.7 kb and a 6.5 kb fragment. The 1.7 kb fragment, in fact the 1.6 kb AlwNI-BclI fragment of plasmid p545, was replaced by a synthetic duplex DNA, composed of SEQ. ID. No. 12 and SEQ. ID. No. 13 with SsiII and BclI compatible ends and a number of unique restriction enzyme recognition sites.

SEQ. ID. No. 12 5′ GGAGATCTAGATCGATATCTCGAG 3′

SEQ. ID. No. 13 5′ GATCCTCGAGATATCGATCTAGATCTCCGC 3′

The following restriction enzyme recognition sites were supplied in this way:

SstII (restored). BglII, XbaI, ClaI, EcoRV, XhoI, (BclI 13 is not restored). The ligation mixture was transferred to E. coli, and transformant were selected containing a vector of the expected composition. The vector was named pBRESAΔS-B. Subsequent successful transformation of P. freudenreichii strain ATCC6207 with this vector indicated that the 1.6 kb region between AlwNI and BclI in p545 is not essential for replication of the plasmid.

A further deletion was made by removal of the 240 bp corresponding to the region between SalI and BclI in plasmid p545. This was achieved by digestion of pBRESAΔS-B with SalI-SstI, and SstI-XhoI respectively, and isolation of the 1.3 kb SAlI-SstI fragment, and the 6.6 kb SstI-XhoI fragment. The fragments were ligated, and the ligation mixture was transferred to P. freudenreichii. ATCC6207, yielding numerous transformants. The newly derived construct, named pBreSAAS-S, was isolated and its structure confirmed by restriction enzyme mapping.

Thus all essential information for replication of plasmid p⁵⁴⁵ is located on a fragment of 1.7 Xb delimited by the restriction sites SalI and AlwNI and encompassing the predicted replication proteins encoded by ORF1 and ORF2, and that 18 kb can be deleted without obviously disturbing replication or stability of the plasmid.

EXAMPLE 10

Expression of a Chloramphenicol Resistance Gene from Corynebacterium.

A chloramphenicol resistance gene (cmi from Corynebacterium¹⁸ has been identified as encoding a chloramphenicol export protein. This gene was inserted in the Propionibacterium-E. coli shuttle vector pBRESP36B2. This vector was digested with BglII and HindIII, and with BglII and HpaI respectively. The 2.9 kb BglII-HindIII and 52 kb BglII-HpaI fragments were isolated.

The fragment containing the cmi gene, including its own promoter, was obtained by digestion with PvuII and HindIII, and the 3.3 kb fragment containing. The gene was isolated. The two vector-specific fragments and the cml fragment were ligated: PvuII and HpaI ends are blunt, thus inserting the cml gene as well as restoring the ermE gene of the parent vector. The ligation mixture was transferred to E. coli, and a transformant was selected, in which the vector contained the correct cml insert. The vector was named pBRESBCM.

Transformation or P. freudenreichii ATCC6207 with this vector, and selection on plates containing 10 μg/ml erythromycin or 5 μg/ml chloramphenicol, yielded eythromycin and choramphenicol resistant colonies, respectively, indicating that apart from the erythromycin resistance gene (shown earlier with the Propionibacterium-E. coli vectors), also the chloramphenicol resistance gene is expressed in Propionibacterium. Transformants could be cultivated in liquid medium containing up to 20 μg/ml chloramphenicol.

EXAMPLE 11

Expression of Lipase (gchA) Gene form P. acnes

To illustrate efficient cloning and expression of an extracellular protein using the present vector system, a lipase gene gehA from P. acnes was used¹⁹. Vector pUL6001, harbouring gehA on XhoI fragment, was digested with XhoI, and the 2.75 kb fragment containing the gene was isolated. Vector pBRESAΔS-B (from Example 9) was linearized by XhoI, and the ends dephosphorylated using Calf Intestine Phosphatase to avoid self ligation. Linearized vector and the gehA containing fragment were ligated and the ligation mixture was transferred to E. coli Transformants were analysed by restriction enzyme analysis for the presence of the correct recombinant plasmid named pBRESALIP. This plasmid was subsequently transferred to P. freudenreichii ATCC6207. Transformants were screened for the expression of the lipase gene using agar plates containing tributyrin as the indicator for increased lipase expression P. freudenreichii transformants harbouring pBRESALIP showed significantly increased halo sizes in this assay as compared to untransformed strain or strains transformed with the parent vector.

REFERENCES

1. Altschul et al J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410 (1990)

2. Bibb et al. Gene 38, 215(1985)

3. Bibb et al., Mol. Microbiol. 14(3). S33 (1984)

4. Birnboim and Doly, Nucleic Acids Res. 7, 1513 (1979)

5. Blache, Anal. Biochem. 189, 24 (1990)

6. DeMan et al, J. Appl. Bateriol. 36, 130 (1960)

7. Deveraux et al, Nucleic Acids Research. 12:387-395 (1984)

8. Labidi et al, Plasmid 27, 130 (1992)

9. Rehberger and Glatz, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 83 (1990)

10. Rossi et al, Res Microbiol. 147, 133 (1996)

11. Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (1989)

12. Sattler et al, J. Bact. 177, 1564(1995)

13. Southern, J. Mol. Biol. 98, 503 (1975)

14. Stolt and Stoker, Microbiol. 142, 2795 (1996)

15. Thompson et al, Gcu c20, 51 (19U2)

16. Uchijama and Weishum, Gene 38, 103 (1985)

17. de Vries et al, J. Gen. Microbiol. 71, 515 (1972)

18. Tauch et al, Plasmid 40(2): 126(1998)

19. Miskin et al, Microbiol 143, 1745 (1997)

SUMMARY OF SEQUENCES

1. DNA sequence of plasmid LMG 16545 (CBS 101022). 3.6 kb.

2. amino acid of protein of ORF1 (303 residues, bases 273-1184).

3. amino acid of protein of ORF2 (85 residues, bases 1181-1438).

4-13. DNA primers/oligonucleotides

Names & Fax Nos

Daniel & Cia, Brazil 00 55 21 524 3344 Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt, Canada 00 1 613 235 2867 CCPIT, China 86 10 68587610/11/12/13 Traplova, Hakr, Kubar, Prague +420 2 6671 0172 S.B.G. & K Patent and Law Offices, 00 36 1 34 24 323 Hungary Reinhold Cohn and Partners, Israel 00 972 3 560 6405 Mcssrs Sigurjonsson, Iceland +354 562 2633 Aoyama & Partners (81) 6-6949-0361 Y S Chang, South Korea (822) 556 5377 or 556 5969 Uhthoff, Gomez etc, Mexico (52) 52 08 83 87 Oslo Patentkontor A/S, Norway 00 47 2 255 3088 Polservice, Poland 00 48 22830 00 76 Patenservis Bratislava A.S, Slovakia +421 7 4487 2075 Ella Cheong & Miranda, Singapore 00 65 337 0031 Stock Industrial etc, Turkey (212) 324 3118 or 3119 McDonnell, Boehnen etc, USA 00 1 312 913 0002

13 1 3555 DNA Propionibacterium freudenreichii LMG16545 CDS (273)..(1184) 1 gtcgaccctg acagccggcg agcagttcag gcgaagatcg cacagctgcg cgaggaacta 60 gccgcaatgc ccgaacacgc cccagccatc ccttggagca ggtggcagcg tcaggggagt 120 cgggggatgt ttggcagggg atgtggaaag agagttcgct ttgctcacat ggctcaaccg 180 ggtaactaac tgatatgggg tcttcgtcgc ccactttgaa cacgccgagg aatggaccac 240 gctgaacgtg actcgcatgc ttcactgcat gt atg gat tcg ttc gag acg ttg 293 Met Asp Ser Phe Glu Thr Leu 1 5 ttc cct gag agc tgg ctg cca cgc aag ccg ctg gcg tca gcc gag aag 341 Phe Pro Glu Ser Trp Leu Pro Arg Lys Pro Leu Ala Ser Ala Glu Lys 10 15 20 tct ggg gcg tac cgg cac gtg act cgg cag agg gcg ctg gag ctg cct 389 Ser Gly Ala Tyr Arg His Val Thr Arg Gln Arg Ala Leu Glu Leu Pro 25 30 35 tac atc gaa gcg aac ccg ttg gtc atg cag tcc ttg gtc atc acc gat 437 Tyr Ile Glu Ala Asn Pro Leu Val Met Gln Ser Leu Val Ile Thr Asp 40 45 50 55 cga gat gct tcg gat gct gac tgg gcc gca gac ctc gct ggg ctg cct 485 Arg Asp Ala Ser Asp Ala Asp Trp Ala Ala Asp Leu Ala Gly Leu Pro 60 65 70 tca ccg tcc tac gtg tcc atg aac cgt gtc acg acc acc gga cac atc 533 Ser Pro Ser Tyr Val Ser Met Asn Arg Val Thr Thr Thr Gly His Ile 75 80 85 gtc tat gcc ttg aag aac cct gtg tgt ctg acc gat gcc gcg cgg cga 581 Val Tyr Ala Leu Lys Asn Pro Val Cys Leu Thr Asp Ala Ala Arg Arg 90 95 100 cgg cct atc aac ctg ctc gcc cgc gtc gag cag ggc cta tgc gac gtt 629 Arg Pro Ile Asn Leu Leu Ala Arg Val Glu Gln Gly Leu Cys Asp Val 105 110 115 ctc ggc ggc gat gca tcc tac ggg cac cgg atc aca aag aac ccg ctc 677 Leu Gly Gly Asp Ala Ser Tyr Gly His Arg Ile Thr Lys Asn Pro Leu 120 125 130 135 agc acc gcc cat gcg acc ctc tgg ggc ccc gca gac gcg ctc tac gag 725 Ser Thr Ala His Ala Thr Leu Trp Gly Pro Ala Asp Ala Leu Tyr Glu 140 145 150 ctg cgc gcc ctc gca cac acc ctc gac gag atc cac gca ctg ccg gag 773 Leu Arg Ala Leu Ala His Thr Leu Asp Glu Ile His Ala Leu Pro Glu 155 160 165 gca ggg aac ccg cgt cgc aac gtc acc cga tca acg gtc ggc cgc aac 821 Ala Gly Asn Pro Arg Arg Asn Val Thr Arg Ser Thr Val Gly Arg Asn 170 175 180 gtc acc ctg ttc gac acc acc cgc atg tgg gca tac cgg gcc gtc cgg 869 Val Thr Leu Phe Asp Thr Thr Arg Met Trp Ala Tyr Arg Ala Val Arg 185 190 195 cac tcc tgg ggc ggc ccg gtc gcc gaa tgg gag cac acc gta ttc gag 917 His Ser Trp Gly Gly Pro Val Ala Glu Trp Glu His Thr Val Phe Glu 200 205 210 215 cac atc cac cta ctg aac gag acg atc atc gcc gac gaa ttc gcc aca 965 His Ile His Leu Leu Asn Glu Thr Ile Ile Ala Asp Glu Phe Ala Thr 220 225 230 ggc ccc ctc ggc ttg aac gaa ctt aag cac tta tct cga tcc att tcc 1013 Gly Pro Leu Gly Leu Asn Glu Leu Lys His Leu Ser Arg Ser Ile Ser 235 240 245 cga tgg gtc tgg cgc aac ttc acc ccc gaa acc ttc cgc gca cgc cag 1061 Arg Trp Val Trp Arg Asn Phe Thr Pro Glu Thr Phe Arg Ala Arg Gln 250 255 260 aaa gcg atc agc ctc cgt gga gca tcc aaa ggc ggc aaa gaa ggc ggc 1109 Lys Ala Ile Ser Leu Arg Gly Ala Ser Lys Gly Gly Lys Glu Gly Gly 265 270 275 cac aaa ggc ggc att gcc agt ggc gca tca cgg cgc gcc cat acc cgt 1157 His Lys Gly Gly Ile Ala Ser Gly Ala Ser Arg Arg Ala His Thr Arg 280 285 290 295 caa cag ttc ttg gag ggt ctc tca tga ccacacgtga acgtctcccc 1204 Gln Gln Phe Leu Glu Gly Leu Ser 300 cgcaacggct acagcatcgc cgctgctgcg aaaaagctcg gtgtctccga gtccaccgtc 1264 aagcggtgga cttccgagcc acgcgaggag ttcgtggccc gcgttgccgc acgccacgcg 1324 cggattcgtg agctccgctc ggagggtcag agcatgcgtg cgattgctgc cgaggtcggg 1384 gtttccgtgg gcaccgtgca ctacgcgctg aacaagaatc gaactgacgc atgaccgtaa 1444 cgccgcacga tgagcatttt cttgatcgtg caccgcttgg cactacgttc gcgtgcggtt 1504 gcacagtgcg cgccacgttc ttatcctgcg gccattgtgg ctacagccaa tggggggcat 1564 cagcaacgga cgttgaaccc ggtgggcaag tgttactcag ggggacatgc ccagtctgcg 1624 gcgctcggat tgacggtatg gcagtcgtgc atgcggcccc accgtcaaac tcattcaggt 1684 atcagtgaga accctcatgg caccccctcg tgacacgttc tcgttgcgat cagctgctgt 1744 gcgtgcgggc gtgagcgttt ctacgctgcg gcgcaggaaa tcagagcttg aggctgccgg 1804 agcgacggta gacccgtccg gttgggtggt gccactgcgt gcactcaagg tcgtttttgg 1864 ggtgtcagat gagacctcga atgcgcccgg tcatgacgct gagttagtgg cgcagctgcg 1924 ctctgagaac gagtttttac ggcgtcaggt cgagcagcag gcgcgcacga tcgaacggca 1984 ggctgaggca cacgcggtgg tctcagcgca gctcacacgg gttggccagc ttgaggccgg 2044 cgacgcagca gcaccgacac tggcacccgt tgaaaggccg gctccgcgac ggcggtggtg 2104 gcagcgtcgg tagcggtcag gatcgctctg gcgtgacgag tgtgtctggc agtgcgaaca 2164 gttgctcgac cagtggcagc agaagcgaga tcgctgcgtg gtgctgttcc tcggtcagtt 2224 cgtcgaggac tggcgggtct tgctgcgtcc agccgatcgc ctcggcggcc aaggtcagtt 2284 ccaagctgtg ccaacgcaca cgcccctcgg ctgacagctg agtctcgaac tgtgcaactg 2344 gaccggccgg aagatgcacg ttgccgaggt cgtgagtggc caagcgcacg tcaaagagtg 2404 ctgcttcgta gccgcgcaga aatggcagtg ctcggtcgat tcggatcggc ctgcccaggt 2464 acattccggg ccgcttgatg aacgcctccg cgtagaagcg caccgttctc ggcccggcct 2524 cgtgatctgt cactgtgcac gctcctctcg atggttctcg acgctaccgg agaccaccga 2584 cgttcatgcc cagcgcagcg acctgaaagg accaagccga gttagccgtg ctaaccgtat 2644 agcttgctcc gtcgcctctg agggcaacca cctgcgcagc aggtgggcgg cagcccgcgc 2704 gcaagcgcct accgggtttg ggcacagccc ataaatcaac gcctccggtg ttgaagcgat 2764 cgtgtgtcac gattgctatg cttgctaccc cttcagggtt ttcgtataca caaatcaagt 2824 tttttcgtat acgctaatgc catgagtgag catctactgc acggcaagcc cgtcaccaac 2884 gagcagattc aggcatgggc agacgaggcc gaggccggat acgacctgcc caaactcccc 2944 aagccacggc gcggacgccc gcccgtagga gacggtccgg gcaccgtcgt acccgtgcgt 3004 ctcgacgcgg ccaccgttgc cgctctcaca gaacgagcaa cagccgaggg catcacgaac 3064 cgttcagacg cgatccgagc cgcagtccac gagtggacac gggttgcctg acctccacga 3124 ctcagcacgc aagcactacc aacgagaccg gctcgacgac acggccgtgc tctacgcggc 3184 cacccacgtt ctcaactccc ggccactcga cgacgaagac gacccgcgcc gctggctcat 3244 gatcggaacc gacccagcag gccgcctact cgaactcgtc gcactgatct acgacgacgg 3304 ctacgaactg atcatccacg caatgaaagc ccgcacccaa tacctcgacc agctctaacc 3364 aagaaaggaa cctgatgagc gaccagctag acagcgaccg caactacgac ccgatgatct 3424 tcgacgtgat gcgcgagacc gcgaaccgcg tcgtcgccac gtacgttgca tgggaagatg 3484 aagccgctga tccccgcgag gctgcgcact ggcaggccga gcgattccgc acccggcacg 3544 aggtgcgcgc c 3555 2 303 PRT Propionibacterium freudenreichii LMG16545 2 Met Asp Ser Phe Glu Thr Leu Phe Pro Glu Ser Trp Leu Pro Arg Lys 1 5 10 15 Pro Leu Ala Ser Ala Glu Lys Ser Gly Ala Tyr Arg His Val Thr Arg 20 25 30 Gln Arg Ala Leu Glu Leu Pro Tyr Ile Glu Ala Asn Pro Leu Val Met 35 40 45 Gln Ser Leu Val Ile Thr Asp Arg Asp Ala Ser Asp Ala Asp Trp Ala 50 55 60 Ala Asp Leu Ala Gly Leu Pro Ser Pro Ser Tyr Val Ser Met Asn Arg 65 70 75 80 Val Thr Thr Thr Gly His Ile Val Tyr Ala Leu Lys Asn Pro Val Cys 85 90 95 Leu Thr Asp Ala Ala Arg Arg Arg Pro Ile Asn Leu Leu Ala Arg Val 100 105 110 Glu Gln Gly Leu Cys Asp Val Leu Gly Gly Asp Ala Ser Tyr Gly His 115 120 125 Arg Ile Thr Lys Asn Pro Leu Ser Thr Ala His Ala Thr Leu Trp Gly 130 135 140 Pro Ala Asp Ala Leu Tyr Glu Leu Arg Ala Leu Ala His Thr Leu Asp 145 150 155 160 Glu Ile His Ala Leu Pro Glu Ala Gly Asn Pro Arg Arg Asn Val Thr 165 170 175 Arg Ser Thr Val Gly Arg Asn Val Thr Leu Phe Asp Thr Thr Arg Met 180 185 190 Trp Ala Tyr Arg Ala Val Arg His Ser Trp Gly Gly Pro Val Ala Glu 195 200 205 Trp Glu His Thr Val Phe Glu His Ile His Leu Leu Asn Glu Thr Ile 210 215 220 Ile Ala Asp Glu Phe Ala Thr Gly Pro Leu Gly Leu Asn Glu Leu Lys 225 230 235 240 His Leu Ser Arg Ser Ile Ser Arg Trp Val Trp Arg Asn Phe Thr Pro 245 250 255 Glu Thr Phe Arg Ala Arg Gln Lys Ala Ile Ser Leu Arg Gly Ala Ser 260 265 270 Lys Gly Gly Lys Glu Gly Gly His Lys Gly Gly Ile Ala Ser Gly Ala 275 280 285 Ser Arg Arg Ala His Thr Arg Gln Gln Phe Leu Glu Gly Leu Ser 290 295 300 3 85 PRT Propionibacterium freudenreichii LMG16545 3 Met Thr Thr Arg Glu Arg Leu Pro Arg Asn Gly Tyr Ser Ile Ala Ala 1 5 10 15 Ala Ala Lys Lys Leu Gly Val Ser Glu Ser Thr Val Lys Arg Trp Thr 20 25 30 Ser Glu Pro Arg Glu Glu Phe Val Ala Arg Val Ala Ala Arg His Ala 35 40 45 Arg Ile Arg Glu Leu Arg Ser Glu Gly Gln Ser Met Arg Ala Ile Ala 50 55 60 Ala Glu Val Gly Val Ser Val Gly Thr Val His Tyr Ala Leu Asn Lys 65 70 75 80 Asn Arg Thr Asp Ala 85 4 59 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic Duplex DNA designed to link EcoRI and AvaI 4 aattcaagct tgtcgacgtt aacctgcagg catgcggatc cggtaccgat atcagatct 59 5 59 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic Duplex DNA designed to link EcoRI and AvaI 5 ccgaagatct gatatcggta ccggatccgc atgcctgcag gttaacgtcg acaagcttg 59 6 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic DNA designed to create Acc65I and BglII ends 6 gtaccggccg ctgcggccaa gctt 24 7 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic DNA designed to create Acc65I and BglII ends 7 gatcaagctt ggccgcagcg gccg 24 8 35 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer for erythromycin resistance 8 aaactgcagc tgctggcttg cgcccgatgc tagtc 35 9 76 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer for erythromycin resistance 9 aaactgcagc agctgggcag gccgctggac ggcctgccct cgagctcgtc tagaatgtgc 60 tgccgatcct ggttgc 76 10 32 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer for cobA 10 ctagtctaga caccgatgag gaaacccgat ga 32 11 36 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic primer for cobA 11 cccaagcttc tcgagtcagt ggtcgctggg cgcgcg 36 12 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic DNA for stability testing 12 ggagatctag atcgatatct cgag 24 13 30 DNA Artificial Sequence Synthetic DNA for stability testing 13 gatcctcgag atatcgatct agatctccgc 30 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for the production of vitamin B12 (cobalamin), the process comprising culturing a Propionibacterium host cell under conditions in which the vitamin is produced and, if necessary, isolating the vitamin, wherein the Propionibacterium host cell contains a polynucleotide comprising (a) a sequence that is selected from the group consisting of: (i) SEQ ID NO: 1 or the complement thereof, (ii) a sequence from SEQ ID NO: 1 that corresponds to either the 1.7 kb fragment of SEQ ID NO: 1 delineated by restriction sites Sal I and AlwNI or nucleotides 1 to 1800 of SEQ ID NO: 1; and (iii) a sequence that is at least 95% homologous to a sequence as defined under (i) or (ii) and which retains the ability to autonomously replicate in Propionibacterium; and (b) a sequence that is an endogenous gene of a Propionibacterium in belonging to the vitamin B₁₂ biosynthesis pathway or a pathway directly linked to the vitamin B₁₂ biosynthesis pathway operatively linked to a control sequence which is capable of providing for expression of the gene.
 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the endogenous gene of a Propionibacterium is the cobA gene.
 3. A process according to claim 1 wherein the polynucleotide is comprised in a vector.
 4. A process according to claim 3 wherein the vector is a plasmid.
 5. A process according to claim 1 wherein the polynucleotide comprises a selectable marker.
 6. A process according to claim 1 wherein the polynucleotide is capable of autonomously replicating in E. coli.
 7. A process according to claim 1 wherein the host cell is a P. freudenreichii, P. jensenii, P. theonii or P. acidipropionici cell.
 8. A process according to claim 1 wherein the vitamin B₁₂ is isolated from the host cell or from the culture medium. 